• Power Down and Unplug: Turn off the computer and disconnect it from any power source to ensure safety.
• Open the Case: Use a screwdriver or other tools to remove screws or fasteners holding the case panels in place.
• Disconnect Components: Unplug all power, data, and other cables connected to the motherboard and peripherals.
• Remove Components: Carefully remove the GPU, storage drives, RAM, and other components by unscrewing and gently pulling them out.
• Remove the Motherboard: Unscrew the motherboard from the case standoffs and carefully lift it out.
• Clean and Store Components: Use compressed air to remove dust from components and store them in anti-static bags or other protective containers.

• Insufficient RAM: Limited RAM prevents smooth multitasking and may cause slowdowns when multiple programs are open.
• Malware Infections: Viruses, spyware, or other malicious software consume system resources, leading to sluggish performance.
• Too Many Startup Programs: Excessive programs set to launch at startup slow down the boot process and reduce available resources.
• Fragmented Hard Drive: On mechanical hard drives, fragmented data causes slower read and write times as the drive head searches for data.
• Outdated Software: Running outdated software can lead to inefficiencies, bugs, and slower performance compared to newer versions.
• Background Processes: Unnecessary or resource-heavy processes running in the background consume CPU, memory, and disk resources, reducing overall system performance.

• Detection Rates: The ability of an antivirus program to accurately identify and neutralize viruses, malware, ransomware, and other threats.
• Resource Usage: The impact an antivirus program has on system performance, especially during full scans or when real-time protection is enabled.
• User Interface: The ease with which users can navigate the software, access features, and configure settings for optimal protection.
• Update Frequency: Regular updates to virus definitions and security protocols to protect against emerging threats.
• Additional Features: Many antivirus programs offer extra features like firewalls, anti-phishing protection, parental controls, and system optimization tools.
• Customer Support: The availability and quality of technical support, including online resources, live chat, and phone support, to assist with issues.

• CPU (Central Processing Unit): The brain of the computer, responsible for executing instructions, performing calculations, and managing tasks.
• Motherboard: The main circuit board that connects all components and peripherals, providing communication between the CPU, RAM, storage devices, and other hardware.
• RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary memory used to store data that is actively being worked on by the CPU, allowing for quick access and multitasking.
• Hard Drive/SSD (Solid State Drive): Long-term storage for operating systems, programs, files, and data. SSDs are faster and more reliable than traditional hard drives.
• Power Supply Unit (PSU): Provides power to all the internal components of the computer, converting electricity from the outlet to the appropriate voltage levels.
• GPU (Graphics Processing Unit): Specialized hardware responsible for rendering images, videos, and animations. Critical for tasks like gaming, video editing, and 3D modeling.
• Cooling System: Fans or liquid cooling systems that prevent the CPU, GPU, and other components from overheating during operation.

• Hardware: Physical components of a computer system, such as the CPU, RAM, motherboard, and hard drive. These are tangible and can be physically handled.
• Software: Programs and applications that run on the computer, including the operating system (OS) and various applications (e.g., word processors, browsers). Software is intangible and interacts with hardware.
• Hardware is Tangible: It includes all the components that can be physically seen and touched.
• Software is Intangible: Exists in digital form, stored on hardware devices, and can only be interacted with through a user interface.
• Hardware Requires Software: Hardware cannot function without software to provide instructions for performing tasks.
• Software Requires Hardware: Software needs hardware to be executed and to run processes.

• Preparation: Gather all necessary components (CPU, motherboard, RAM, PSU, etc.) and tools (screwdriver, anti-static wrist strap). Ensure a static-free environment by grounding yourself.
• Install the CPU: Place the CPU into the socket on the motherboard, aligning the pins correctly, and secure it by lowering the retention arm.
• Install the CPU Cooler: Apply a small amount of thermal paste to the top of the CPU and attach the CPU cooler, ensuring it is firmly seated and secured with screws or clips.
• Install RAM Modules: Insert RAM sticks into the designated slots on the motherboard, applying gentle pressure until they click into place.
• Install the Motherboard: Place the motherboard inside the computer case, aligning it with the standoffs, and screw it into place.
• Connect the PSU and Components: Attach power supply cables to the motherboard, CPU, GPU, and storage drives. Ensure all components are properly powered and connected.
• Install Storage and GPU: Attach storage drives (HDD/SSD) and the graphics card to the motherboard, ensuring they are secured and connected with the appropriate cables.

• Speed: SSDs are significantly faster than HDDs in terms of read and write speeds, leading to quicker boot times and faster application loading.
• Durability: SSDs have no moving parts, making them more resistant to physical shocks and reducing the likelihood of mechanical failure compared to HDDs.
• Storage Capacity: HDDs generally offer larger storage capacities at a lower price per GB, making them ideal for mass storage of data.
• Power Consumption: SSDs consume less power, making them more energy-efficient and suitable for laptops or devices where battery life is a concern.
• Noise: HDDs produce noise due to spinning platters and moving read/write heads, whereas SSDs are silent as they have no moving parts.
• Cost: SSDs are more expensive per GB compared to HDDs, though prices are decreasing as SSD technology becomes more widespread.

• Airflow Optimization: Proper cable management reduces obstructions inside the case, allowing air to flow more freely and efficiently, which helps in cooling components like the CPU, GPU, and PSU.
• Aesthetic Appeal: A well-organized case with neatly arranged cables improves the appearance of the build, which is especially important for transparent or windowed cases.
• Ease of Maintenance: Properly managed cables make it easier to access and replace components, facilitating future upgrades, repairs, or cleaning without the hassle of tangled cables.
• Reduced Dust Buildup: Fewer obstructions within the case mean fewer areas where dust can accumulate, which can extend the lifespan of components and reduce overheating risks.
• Preventing Damage: Organized cables reduce the risk of pinching, tangling, or stretching, which can lead to cable failure or damage to connected components over time.
• Improved Safety: Good cable management helps reduce the likelihood of short circuits or fire hazards caused by frayed or poorly routed cables.

• Boot Process: BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) or UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) initializes and tests hardware components when the computer is powered on, ensuring that all necessary parts (CPU, RAM, storage) are working correctly before the operating system loads.
• Firmware Interface: Provides a platform for configuring hardware settings, such as boot sequence, fan speeds, and overclocking. UEFI also includes a more user-friendly graphical interface than BIOS.
• Hardware Detection: BIOS/UEFI detects and configures connected hardware components, allowing the system to recognize new devices like storage drives, keyboards, and peripherals.
• System Security: UEFI includes security features such as Secure Boot, which ensures that only trusted, signed operating systems can boot, protecting against unauthorized software or malware.
• Performance Tuning: Allows users to adjust performance settings like CPU clock speeds, voltage, and memory timings to optimize the performance of the system.
• Updates: BIOS/UEFI can be updated to fix bugs, improve performance, and add support for new hardware, ensuring that the system stays current and compatible with future technologies.

• Clean the Surface: Before applying new thermal paste, clean off any old paste from both the CPU and the cooler using isopropyl alcohol and a lint-free cloth.
• Apply a Small Amount: Place a pea-sized dot of thermal paste in the center of the CPU. Alternatively, a thin line or small X shape can be used, but avoid overapplying the paste.
• Spread Evenly (Optional): Some prefer to spread the thermal paste with a plastic tool or card to ensure an even layer. However, the cooler's pressure typically spreads the paste adequately.
• Attach the Cooler: Carefully position the cooler over the CPU, making sure it is aligned correctly. Lower it straight down to avoid smearing the paste.
• Secure the Cooler: Fasten the cooler according to the manufacturer's instructions, ensuring even pressure across the CPU for optimal heat transfer.
• Check for Excess: After securing the cooler, check to ensure that no thermal paste has spilled over the edges of the CPU, as this can cause short circuits.

• Restart Devices: Power cycle the modem, router, and computer to refresh the network connection and clear temporary issues.
• Check Cables: Ensure that all Ethernet cables are securely connected and check for any visible damage that may be affecting the connection.
• Update Drivers: Install the latest drivers for the network adapter to ensure compatibility and functionality with the system.
• Network Settings: Verify that the IP and DNS settings are configured correctly. Check for issues like static IP address conflicts or incorrect DNS entries.
• Disable VPNs/Firewalls: Temporarily disable any VPN or firewall settings to rule out interference with the network connection.
• Contact ISP: If the problem persists, contact the Internet Service Provider (ISP) to check for outages or issues on their end.

• Open Device Manager: Right-click the Start button and select "Device Manager" from the menu to access the list of installed hardware.
• Select Device: Expand the relevant category for the device that needs an update (e.g., "Network adapters" for network-related devices).
• Right-click Device: Right-click on the device and choose "Update driver" from the context menu.
• Search for Drivers: Choose "Search automatically for updated driver software" to allow Windows to search for the latest driver online.
• Install Drivers: If a new driver is found, follow the prompts to install it. If no update is available, you may need to download the driver manually from the manufacturer's website.
• Restart Computer: After installing the driver, restart the computer to ensure the changes take effect.

• Weekly Backups: Regularly back up important data to an external drive or cloud storage to protect against data loss.
• Monthly Updates: Check for and install updates for the operating system, software, and drivers to ensure compatibility, performance, and security.
• Quarterly Cleaning: Physically clean the computer by using compressed air to remove dust from fans, vents, and internal components to prevent overheating.
• Security Scans: Run antivirus and anti-malware scans to detect and remove any security threats that could compromise the system.
• Disk Cleanup: Use Disk Cleanup tools or third-party software to remove temporary files, old downloads, and other unnecessary data to free up space and improve performance.
• Performance Monitoring: Regularly monitor system performance using tools like Task Manager or third-party applications to identify and address any slowdowns or issues.

• Resource Consumption: Malware often runs processes in the background, consuming CPU, RAM, and disk resources, which can slow down system performance and reduce the responsiveness of applications.
• Data Corruption: Certain types of malware, such as ransomware, can corrupt or encrypt files, making data inaccessible and causing significant data loss.
• Privacy Threats: Malware like keyloggers or spyware can steal sensitive information, such as login credentials or financial data, potentially leading to identity theft or fraud.
• Network Issues: Some malware uses internet bandwidth for malicious activities, such as sending spam or launching Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, which can reduce internet speed and connectivity.
• System Instability: Malware can cause system instability by crashing programs, causing freezes, or even triggering system reboots, making the computer unreliable.
• Recovery Costs: Removing malware can be time-consuming and costly, requiring professional help or specialized software. In extreme cases, a full system reinstallation may be necessary to restore functionality.

• Identify Symptoms: Common signs of a faulty PSU include the computer not powering on, random shutdowns, unusual noises, or electrical smells coming from the unit.
• Test Power Supply: Use a PSU tester or multimeter to check the voltage output of the power supply. Ensure that it meets the required voltage for each connector. Alternatively, you can use the paperclip test for basic testing.
• Check Connections: Before removing the PSU, verify that all power cables are securely connected to the motherboard, CPU, GPU, and other components.
• Remove Power Supply: Power off the computer, unplug it, and remove the side panel. Unscrew the PSU from the case, disconnect all power cables, and carefully remove the unit.
• Install New PSU: Place the new PSU in the case, align it with the mounting holes, and screw it in. Connect the appropriate power cables to the motherboard, CPU, GPU, and drives.
• Test System: Power on the computer to ensure the new PSU is functioning correctly. Check that all components are receiving power and that the system runs without issues.

• Legal Principle: The exclusionary rule prevents evidence obtained through illegal means (e.g., without a warrant or probable cause) from being used in a court of law.
• Protects Rights: It upholds the Fourth Amendment, which protects individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures, ensuring that law enforcement follows proper legal procedures.
• Deterrent Effect: The rule discourages law enforcement from conducting unlawful searches or violating constitutional rights, as any evidence obtained illegally cannot be used in prosecution.
• Judicial Integrity: The exclusionary rule preserves the integrity of the judicial system by ensuring that trials are conducted fairly and in accordance with the law.
• Case Law: Landmark cases like Mapp v. Ohio have reinforced the importance of the exclusionary rule, ensuring its application in both state and federal courts.
• Limitations: There are exceptions to the exclusionary rule, such as the "good faith" exception (where law enforcement acted on a faulty warrant they believed to be valid) and the "inevitable discovery" rule, where evidence would have been found regardless of illegal actions.

• Phillips Head Screwdriver: Used to remove and secure screws when assembling or disassembling a computer.
• Anti-static Wrist Strap: Protects sensitive electronic components from electrostatic discharge (ESD) during handling.
• Compressed Air: Blows dust and debris out of components such as fans, heatsinks, and vents to improve airflow and cooling.
• Thermal Paste: Used to reapply between the CPU and cooler during maintenance or installation to ensure efficient heat transfer.
• Multimeter: Checks voltage output and continuity in power supplies, cables, and other electronic components for troubleshooting.
• Cable Ties: Organizes and secures cables within the case to improve airflow, reduce clutter, and prevent damage from loose wires.

• Update Drivers: Ensure that all hardware drivers, especially for the GPU, network, and chipset, are up to date to prevent compatibility issues or bugs.
• Run Memory Test: Use tools like MemTest86 to check for faulty RAM. Faulty memory can cause random crashes and instability.
• Check for Overheating: Monitor CPU, GPU, and motherboard temperatures using tools like HWMonitor. Clean dust from fans and heatsinks, and ensure proper airflow in the case.
• Scan for Malware: Run a full antivirus and anti-malware scan to detect and remove malicious software that could be causing instability.
• Check Power Supply: Test the PSU to ensure it is delivering stable power to the components. Replace it if it is faulty or underpowered.
• Review Event Logs: Check the Windows Event Viewer for error messages or warnings that may indicate the source of the crashes, such as faulty hardware or software conflicts.

• Prevents ESD Damage: Electrostatic discharge (ESD) can damage sensitive computer components, such as the CPU, GPU, and RAM. An anti-static wrist strap grounds the user, preventing the buildup of static electricity.
• Improves Safety: Using an anti-static wrist strap reduces the risk of accidentally damaging hardware during installation or maintenance, making the assembly process safer.
• Cost-effective: Anti-static wrist straps are inexpensive and simple to use, providing an affordable way to protect expensive components from ESD damage.
• Professional Practice: Wearing an anti-static wrist strap is standard practice in professional environments, ensuring best practices are followed during hardware handling.
• Reliability: The use of an anti-static wrist strap increases the likelihood of a successful build or repair, minimizing the risk of component failure due to static discharge.
• User Confidence: Wearing an anti-static strap gives users peace of mind during assembly, knowing they are taking the necessary precautions to protect their components.

• Locate Headers: Identify the front panel header pins on the motherboard, which are usually labeled with abbreviations such as PWR_SW (power switch), RESET_SW (reset switch), and HDD_LED (hard drive LED).
• Consult Manual: Refer to the motherboard manual to confirm the correct pin layout for connecting front panel connectors.
• Connect Power Switch: Attach the power switch cable from the case to the designated pins on the motherboard labeled PWR_SW.
• Connect Reset Switch: Attach the reset switch cable to the pins labeled RESET_SW. This switch allows the user to restart the system.
• Connect LED Indicators: Connect the power LED (PWR_LED) and hard drive activity LED (HDD_LED) cables to their respective pins, ensuring correct polarity (+ and -).
• Test Connections: After assembling the system, power it on to confirm that all front panel buttons and LED indicators function properly.

• Air Cooling: Uses fans and heatsinks to dissipate heat from components. Fans circulate air to move heat away from the CPU, GPU, and other parts, while heatsinks provide a larger surface area for heat dissipation.
• Liquid Cooling: Utilizes a liquid coolant to transfer heat from components to a radiator, where fans expel the heat. Liquid cooling is more effective for high-performance or overclocked systems.
• Passive Cooling: Relies on heatsinks without fans to disperse heat. This method is silent and maintenance-free but less effective than active cooling in dissipating large amounts of heat.
• Hybrid Cooling: Combines air and liquid cooling methods, using both a liquid loop and fans to cool high-performance components more efficiently.
• Phase Change Cooling: Uses a refrigerant, similar to a refrigerator, to cool components. It is typically used in extreme overclocking scenarios but is expensive and complex to maintain.
• Thermoelectric Cooling: Uses the Peltier effect to transfer heat. This method is highly efficient but can generate excess heat that needs to be managed with secondary cooling methods.

• Security Vulnerabilities: Failing to install updates leaves the system vulnerable to malware, viruses, and hacking attempts that exploit known weaknesses in outdated software.
• Performance Issues: Older software may not be optimized for new hardware or applications, leading to slower performance, bugs, or compatibility issues.
• Bug Accumulation: Without regular updates, unresolved bugs and glitches accumulate, causing system instability and degraded functionality over time.
• Loss of Support: Software providers often discontinue support for older versions, meaning users may lose access to patches, security updates, and customer service.
• Feature Limitations: Users miss out on new features, improvements, and optimizations introduced in newer software versions, limiting their system's capabilities.
• Software Incompatibility: As newer applications and hardware are released, older systems may struggle to run them, leading to compatibility issues and requiring eventual updates or upgrades.

B) The cost analysis

• B) Inspect for wear and damage

• B) Pry bar

C) They are in the same orientation

B) By functional testing

• B) The cost analysis

B) A soft mallet or punch

C) Dispose of them properly

B) To ensure proper operation

C) The documentation

B) To assist in reassembly

C) Allen key (hex key)

B) Gloves and safety glasses

C) During disassembly

B) Label and keep them in a magnetic tray

B) The cost analysis

• B) Inspect for wear and damage

• B) Pry bar

C) They are in the same orientation

B) By functional testing

• B) The cost analysis

B) A soft mallet or punch

C) Dispose of them properly

B) To ensure proper operation

C) The documentation

• C) To prevent illegally obtained evidence from being used in court

• C) To prevent illegally obtained evidence from being used in court

B) To assist in reassembly

C) Allen key (hex key)

B) Gloves and safety glasses

C) During disassembly

B) Label and keep them in a magnetic tray

• Preparation: Gather necessary tools and safety equipment.
• Documentation: Take photos or notes before starting to aid reassembly.
• Sequence: Start from outermost parts and work inward.
• Fasteners: Use correct tools (screwdrivers, wrenches) to remove screws and bolts.
• Connections: Disconnect electrical connectors carefully.
• Mechanical Aids: Use pry bars or pliers as needed to separate parts.

• Aid in Reassembly: Helps recall the original configuration of parts.
• Troubleshooting: Documents any issues or damages found during disassembly.
• Training: Useful for training new technicians on assembly/disassembly procedures.
• Legal Purposes: Provides a record in case of warranty claims or disputes.
• Improvement: Enables continuous improvement in disassembly techniques.
• Safety: Helps identify safety-critical components and procedures.

• Screwdrivers: Used for turning screws with various head types (flathead, Phillips, Torx).
• Wrenches: Used for turning nuts and bolts, available in adjustable or fixed sizes.
• Similarities: Both are essential for removing fasteners during disassembly.
• Differences: Screwdrivers are more precise for screws, while wrenches provide leverage for bolts.
• Specialization: Screwdrivers are more varied in head types, while wrenches are size-specific.
• Usage: Screwdrivers often used in electronics; wrenches in automotive and machinery.

• Power Off: Ensure equipment is powered off and unplugged before starting.
• Inspection: Check for exposed wires or damaged insulation.
• Personal Protection: Wear insulated gloves and safety glasses.
• Tools: Use insulated tools to prevent electrical shocks.
• Discharge Capacitors: Safely discharge capacitors to avoid electric shock.
• Qualified Personnel: Have trained personnel perform electrical disassembly if unsure.

• Visual Inspection: Check for physical damage or wear.
• Functional Testing: Test electrical or mechanical components for proper operation.
• Calibration: Ensure calibrated instruments for accurate testing.
• Documentation: Record test results and any adjustments made.
• Safety Checks: Verify components meet safety standards.
• Integration: Ensure components fit and operate correctly in the assembly.

• Cost: Compare repair costs versus replacement costs.
• Availability: Consider availability of replacement parts.
• Functionality: Assess if repair restores full functionality.
• Longevity: Estimate lifespan after repair versus replacement.
• Technical Expertise: Evaluate if repair requires specialized skills.
• Environmental Impact: Consider impact of disposal of replaced components.

• Preparation: Gather necessary tools and safety equipment.
• Documentation: Take photos or notes before starting to aid reassembly.
• Sequence: Start from outermost parts and work inward.
• Fasteners: Use correct tools (screwdrivers, wrenches) to remove screws and bolts.
• Connections: Disconnect electrical connectors carefully.
• Mechanical Aids: Use pry bars or pliers as needed to separate parts.

• Aid in Reassembly: Helps recall the original configuration of parts.
• Troubleshooting: Documents any issues or damages found during disassembly.
• Training: Useful for training new technicians on assembly/disassembly procedures.
• Legal Purposes: Provides a record in case of warranty claims or disputes.
• Improvement: Enables continuous improvement in disassembly techniques.
• Safety: Helps identify safety-critical components and procedures.

• Screwdrivers: Used for turning screws with various head types (flathead, Phillips, Torx).
• Wrenches: Used for turning nuts and bolts, available in adjustable or fixed sizes.
• Similarities: Both are essential for removing fasteners during disassembly.
• Differences: Screwdrivers are more precise for screws, while wrenches provide leverage for bolts.
• Specialization: Screwdrivers are more varied in head types, while wrenches are size-specific.
• Usage: Screwdrivers often used in electronics; wrenches in automotive and machinery.

• Power Off: Ensure equipment is powered off and unplugged before starting.
• Inspection: Check for exposed wires or damaged insulation.
• Personal Protection: Wear insulated gloves and safety glasses.
• Tools: Use insulated tools to prevent electrical shocks.
• Discharge Capacitors: Safely discharge capacitors to avoid electric shock.
• Qualified Personnel: Have trained personnel perform electrical disassembly if unsure.

• Visual Inspection: Check for physical damage or wear.
• Functional Testing: Test electrical or mechanical components for proper operation.
• Calibration: Ensure calibrated instruments for accurate testing.
• Documentation: Record test results and any adjustments made.
• Safety Checks: Verify components meet safety standards.
• Integration: Ensure components fit and operate correctly in the assembly.

• Cost: Compare repair costs versus replacement costs.
• Availability: Consider availability of replacement parts.
• Functionality: Assess if repair restores full functionality.
• Longevity: Estimate lifespan after repair versus replacement.
• Technical Expertise: Evaluate if repair requires specialized skills.
• Environmental Impact: Consider impact of disposal of replaced components.

• Security vulnerabilities
  Hackers can exploit outdated software to gain access to your system.

• Compatibility issues
  New apps or hardware may not work properly with old software.

• Performance problems
  Systems may become slow, laggy, or crash frequently.

• Lack of new features
  You miss out on improved tools, layouts, and enhancements.

• System instability
  Bugs that have been fixed in updates remain and can cause errors.

• Regulatory and compliance risks
  You may fail to meet data protection laws and industry standards.

• Access Event Viewer: Open via Control Panel or search in Start Menu.
• Navigate to Logs: Review Application, Security, and System logs.
• Identify Errors: Look for entries marked as "Error" or "Warning."
• Check Event IDs: Note the Event ID numbers for reference.
• Search Online: Look up Event IDs and messages for troubleshooting guidance.
• Take Action: Follow recommended steps to resolve identified issues.

• Open System Configuration: Type "msconfig" in the Run dialog and press Enter.
• Navigate to Services: Check "Hide all Microsoft services" and click "Disable all."
• Open Task Manager: Go to the Startup tab and disable all startup items.
• Restart Computer: Reboot to enter a clean boot state.
• Test for Issues: Run the system to see if the problem persists.
• Isolate Causes: Re-enable services and startup items one by one to identify the cause.

• C) CPU

C) Improve heat transfer between the CPU and cooler

• B) Operating System

B) Operating System

A) Basic Input Output System

B) Anti-static Wrist Strap

C) Power Supply Connections

C) Temporarily store data for quick access

C) MemTest86

B) SSD

C) Remove the hard drive first

B) Operating System

A) Basic Input Output System

B) Anti-static Wrist Strap

C) Power Supply Connections

C) Temporarily store data for quick access

C) MemTest86

B) SSD

C) Remove the hard drive first

• C) Motherboard

• B) Disk Cleanup

• C) Render graphics

• C) Regularly updating the operating system

• C) Motherboard

• B) Disk Cleanup

• C) Render graphics

• C) Regularly updating the operating system

o    Hard Drive (HDD/SSD): Due to storage capacity issues, performance degradation, or failure indicated by SMART diagnostics.

o    RAM (Memory): When encountering frequent system crashes, errors, or failures during memory tests.

o    Power Supply Unit (PSU): Replaced if overheating, fan failure, or inconsistent power delivery is observed.

o    Motherboard: In cases of physical damage, failure to boot, or peripheral connectivity issues.

o    CPU (Processor): Upgraded for better performance or replaced if overheating, system instability, or failure in benchmarks.

o    Graphics Card (GPU): Substituted when encountering display artifacts, overheating, or performance degradation.

o    Organize Components: Lay out parts and tools in a clean, well-lit workspace.

o    Reverse Disassembly: Follow disassembly steps in reverse, starting with the last component removed.

o    Handle Carefully: Avoid static discharge; use anti-static wrist straps or mats.

o    Secure Components: Ensure all parts are securely fastened using appropriate screws and connectors.

o    Connect Cables: Reattach all cables, ensuring they are correctly plugged in without strain.

o    Test Before Closure: Power on briefly to check functionality before closing the case.

o    Diagnosis Accuracy: Identifies specific faulty components to avoid unnecessary replacements.

o    Performance Optimization: Ensures repaired parts function at optimal levels, enhancing overall system performance.

o    Reliability Assurance: Reduces the risk of post-repair failures or system malfunctions.

o    Customer Satisfaction: Provides confidence to clients that all aspects of their system have been thoroughly checked.

o    Preventive Maintenance: Helps identify potential issues before they cause major disruptions or failures.

o    Compliance: Ensures adherence to quality standards in repair service, maintaining service integrity.

o    Specificity: Tools like MemTest86+ pinpoint exact RAM errors, aiding precise repairs.

o    Efficiency: SMART diagnostics swiftly assess hard drive health, identifying potential failures.

o    Accuracy: CPU stress tests reveal overheating or stability issues not apparent in normal operation.

o    Functionality Testing: Benchmarking tools like FurMark assess GPU performance under load.

o    Troubleshooting: Tools provide detailed error logs, aiding in pinpointing complex issues.

o    Predictive Maintenance: Regular use of diagnostics prevents unexpected hardware failures.

o    Speed: SSDs offer significantly faster data transfer rates and boot times compared to HDDs.

o    Reliability: SSDs have no moving parts, reducing mechanical failure risk inherent in HDDs.

o    Durability: SSDs are more shock-resistant and less prone to physical damage.

o    Noise: SSDs operate silently compared to the audible hum of spinning HDD platters.

o    Power Consumption: SSDs consume less power, extending laptop battery life.

o    Cost: SSDs are initially more expensive per GB compared to HDDs.

o    Throttling: CPUs reduce clock speeds to prevent damage, causing performance slowdowns.

o    Instability: Overheating can lead to system crashes or unexpected shutdowns.

o    Longevity: Continuous overheating reduces CPU lifespan, affecting long-term reliability.

o    Efficiency: Heat compromises computational efficiency, affecting overall system responsiveness.

o    Cooling Efficiency: Inadequate cooling solutions exacerbate heat-related performance issues.

o    Performance Degradation: Over time, sustained overheating can permanently degrade CPU performance.

o    Minimal Setup: Install CPU, one RAM module, and GPU (if necessary) on a non-conductive surface.

o    Connect Power: Attach the 24-pin ATX power connector and 4/8-pin CPU power connector.

o    Power On: Turn on the power supply and press the motherboard power button.

o    Monitor Feedback: Listen for POST beep codes or check LED indicators on the motherboard.

o    Identify Issues: Interpret beep codes or LED patterns to diagnose hardware problems.

o    Document Results: Record any errors or successful POST results for troubleshooting.

o    Power Off: Shut down and unplug the computer to prevent electrical hazards.

o    Disassemble: Open the computer case carefully to access internal components.

o    Use Compressed Air: Blow compressed air in short bursts to dislodge dust from fans and heat sinks.

o    Clean Filters: Remove and clean dust filters to maintain proper airflow.

o    Avoid Moisture: Do not use liquid cleaners; ensure components are dry before reassembly.

o    Reassemble: Close the case securely after cleaning to prevent further dust accumulation.

o    Component Damage: Static discharge can permanently damage sensitive electronic components.

o    Data Loss: ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) can corrupt data on storage devices like SSDs and HDDs.

o    System Failure: Critical system components such as CPUs and RAM can malfunction or fail.

o    Preventive Measures: Use anti-static wrist straps or mats to ground static electricity.

o    Handling Procedures: Avoid touching electronic components directly; handle by edges or non-conductive surfaces.

o    Environment Control: Work in low humidity environments to reduce static buildup.

o    Thorough Testing: MemTest86+ performs extensive memory tests to detect subtle RAM errors.

o    Error Reporting: Provides detailed error logs and reports to pinpoint faulty RAM modules.

o    Reliability: Widely trusted by technicians and enthusiasts for accurate RAM diagnostics.

o    User-Friendly: Offers a straightforward interface for running tests and interpreting results.

o    Diagnostic Confidence: Helps determine whether RAM issues are hardware-related or software-induced.

o    Compatibility: Supports a wide range of RAM types and configurations for comprehensive testing.

o    Wattage: Ensure sufficient power output to support the GPU and other components under load.

o    Efficiency Rating: Opt for higher efficiency ratings (80 Plus Bronze, Silver, Gold, Platinum) for energy savings.

o    Modularity: Choose modular PSUs for cleaner cable management and easier installation.

o    Connectors: Verify compatibility with motherboard (ATX, EPS), GPU (PCIe), and storage drives (SATA).

o    Cooling: Consider PSUs with adequate cooling and fan noise levels suitable for gaming environments.

o    Brand Reputation: Select reputable brands known for reliability and warranty support.

o    Heat Transfer: Thermal paste fills microscopic gaps between CPU and heat sink, enhancing heat dissipation.

o    Temperature Stability: Improves thermal conductivity, ensuring efficient heat transfer from CPU to cooler.

o    Prevention of Hotspots: Reduces the risk of hotspots on the CPU surface, preventing thermal throttling.

o    Longevity: Extends CPU lifespan by maintaining consistent operating temperatures.

o    Application: Proper application ensures even distribution for optimal thermal performance.

o    Maintenance: Reapplication periodically ensures continued effectiveness in heat management.

o    Performance Measurement: Benchmarks evaluate GPU capabilities under various workloads (3D rendering, gaming).

o    Stability Testing: Helps identify stability issues such as overheating or driver compatibility problems.

o    Comparison: Allows comparison against reference or other GPUs to assess relative performance.

o    Tuning: Assists in optimizing GPU settings (clock speeds, voltages) for maximum performance.

o    Validation: Validates advertised GPU specifications (core clock, memory bandwidth) under real-world conditions.

o    Predictive Analysis: Predicts gaming or rendering performance based on benchmark scores.

o    Research: Identify the motherboard model and current BIOS version to determine if an update is necessary.

o    Download: Visit the motherboard manufacturer's website to download the latest BIOS firmware.

o    Preparation: Backup current BIOS settings and ensure uninterrupted power supply during the update.

o    Installation: Use BIOS update utility provided by the manufacturer to flash the new firmware.

o    Verification: Verify successful update and restore BIOS settings if necessary.

o    Caution: Follow manufacturer instructions carefully to avoid bricking the motherboard.

o    Reallocated Sector Count: Indicates the number of sectors moved to spare area due to media errors.

o    Spin Retry Count: Tracks attempts to spin up the drive, reflecting motor or mechanical issues.

o    Seek Error Rate: Records seek errors during drive operation, highlighting read/write head alignment issues.

o    Temperature: Monitors internal drive temperature to prevent overheating, impacting drive longevity.

o    Power-On Hours: Measures cumulative power-on time, useful for predicting end-of-life for aging drives.

o    Uncorrectable Sector Count: Flags sectors that cannot be read or corrected, signaling imminent drive failure.

B) Check RAM functionality

D) CoreTemp

B) Blow compressed air

C) RAM

B) HDD health

o    Hard Drive (HDD/SSD): Due to storage capacity issues, performance degradation, or failure indicated by SMART diagnostics.

o    RAM (Memory): When encountering frequent system crashes, errors, or failures during memory tests.

o    Power Supply Unit (PSU): Replaced if overheating, fan failure, or inconsistent power delivery is observed.

o    Motherboard: In cases of physical damage, failure to boot, or peripheral connectivity issues.

o    CPU (Processor): Upgraded for better performance or replaced if overheating, system instability, or failure in benchmarks.

o    Graphics Card (GPU): Substituted when encountering display artifacts, overheating, or performance degradation.

o    Organize Components: Lay out parts and tools in a clean, well-lit workspace.

o    Reverse Disassembly: Follow disassembly steps in reverse, starting with the last component removed.

o    Handle Carefully: Avoid static discharge; use anti-static wrist straps or mats.

o    Secure Components: Ensure all parts are securely fastened using appropriate screws and connectors.

o    Connect Cables: Reattach all cables, ensuring they are correctly plugged in without strain.

o    Test Before Closure: Power on briefly to check functionality before closing the case.

o    Diagnosis Accuracy: Identifies specific faulty components to avoid unnecessary replacements.

o    Performance Optimization: Ensures repaired parts function at optimal levels, enhancing overall system performance.

o    Reliability Assurance: Reduces the risk of post-repair failures or system malfunctions.

o    Customer Satisfaction: Provides confidence to clients that all aspects of their system have been thoroughly checked.

o    Preventive Maintenance: Helps identify potential issues before they cause major disruptions or failures.

o    Compliance: Ensures adherence to quality standards in repair service, maintaining service integrity.

o    Specificity: Tools like MemTest86+ pinpoint exact RAM errors, aiding precise repairs.

o    Efficiency: SMART diagnostics swiftly assess hard drive health, identifying potential failures.

o    Accuracy: CPU stress tests reveal overheating or stability issues not apparent in normal operation.

o    Functionality Testing: Benchmarking tools like FurMark assess GPU performance under load.

o    Troubleshooting: Tools provide detailed error logs, aiding in pinpointing complex issues.

o    Predictive Maintenance: Regular use of diagnostics prevents unexpected hardware failures.

o    Speed: SSDs offer significantly faster data transfer rates and boot times compared to HDDs.

o    Reliability: SSDs have no moving parts, reducing mechanical failure risk inherent in HDDs.

o    Durability: SSDs are more shock-resistant and less prone to physical damage.

o    Noise: SSDs operate silently compared to the audible hum of spinning HDD platters.

o    Power Consumption: SSDs consume less power, extending laptop battery life.

o    Cost: SSDs are initially more expensive per GB compared to HDDs.

o    Throttling: CPUs reduce clock speeds to prevent damage, causing performance slowdowns.

o    Instability: Overheating can lead to system crashes or unexpected shutdowns.

o    Longevity: Continuous overheating reduces CPU lifespan, affecting long-term reliability.

o    Efficiency: Heat compromises computational efficiency, affecting overall system responsiveness.

o    Cooling Efficiency: Inadequate cooling solutions exacerbate heat-related performance issues.

o    Performance Degradation: Over time, sustained overheating can permanently degrade CPU performance.

o    Minimal Setup: Install CPU, one RAM module, and GPU (if necessary) on a non-conductive surface.

o    Connect Power: Attach the 24-pin ATX power connector and 4/8-pin CPU power connector.

o    Power On: Turn on the power supply and press the motherboard power button.

o    Monitor Feedback: Listen for POST beep codes or check LED indicators on the motherboard.

o    Identify Issues: Interpret beep codes or LED patterns to diagnose hardware problems.

o    Document Results: Record any errors or successful POST results for troubleshooting.

o    Power Off: Shut down and unplug the computer to prevent electrical hazards.

o    Disassemble: Open the computer case carefully to access internal components.

o    Use Compressed Air: Blow compressed air in short bursts to dislodge dust from fans and heat sinks.

o    Clean Filters: Remove and clean dust filters to maintain proper airflow.

o    Avoid Moisture: Do not use liquid cleaners; ensure components are dry before reassembly.

o    Reassemble: Close the case securely after cleaning to prevent further dust accumulation.

o    Component Damage: Static discharge can permanently damage sensitive electronic components.

o    Data Loss: ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) can corrupt data on storage devices like SSDs and HDDs.

o    System Failure: Critical system components such as CPUs and RAM can malfunction or fail.

o    Preventive Measures: Use anti-static wrist straps or mats to ground static electricity.

o    Handling Procedures: Avoid touching electronic components directly; handle by edges or non-conductive surfaces.

o    Environment Control: Work in low humidity environments to reduce static buildup.

o    Thorough Testing: MemTest86+ performs extensive memory tests to detect subtle RAM errors.

o    Error Reporting: Provides detailed error logs and reports to pinpoint faulty RAM modules.

o    Reliability: Widely trusted by technicians and enthusiasts for accurate RAM diagnostics.

o    User-Friendly: Offers a straightforward interface for running tests and interpreting results.

o    Diagnostic Confidence: Helps determine whether RAM issues are hardware-related or software-induced.

o    Compatibility: Supports a wide range of RAM types and configurations for comprehensive testing.

o    Wattage: Ensure sufficient power output to support the GPU and other components under load.

o    Efficiency Rating: Opt for higher efficiency ratings (80 Plus Bronze, Silver, Gold, Platinum) for energy savings.

o    Modularity: Choose modular PSUs for cleaner cable management and easier installation.

o    Connectors: Verify compatibility with motherboard (ATX, EPS), GPU (PCIe), and storage drives (SATA).

o    Cooling: Consider PSUs with adequate cooling and fan noise levels suitable for gaming environments.

o    Brand Reputation: Select reputable brands known for reliability and warranty support.

o    Heat Transfer: Thermal paste fills microscopic gaps between CPU and heat sink, enhancing heat dissipation.

o    Temperature Stability: Improves thermal conductivity, ensuring efficient heat transfer from CPU to cooler.

o    Prevention of Hotspots: Reduces the risk of hotspots on the CPU surface, preventing thermal throttling.

o    Longevity: Extends CPU lifespan by maintaining consistent operating temperatures.

o    Application: Proper application ensures even distribution for optimal thermal performance.

o    Maintenance: Reapplication periodically ensures continued effectiveness in heat management.

o    Performance Measurement: Benchmarks evaluate GPU capabilities under various workloads (3D rendering, gaming).

o    Stability Testing: Helps identify stability issues such as overheating or driver compatibility problems.

o    Comparison: Allows comparison against reference or other GPUs to assess relative performance.

o    Tuning: Assists in optimizing GPU settings (clock speeds, voltages) for maximum performance.

o    Validation: Validates advertised GPU specifications (core clock, memory bandwidth) under real-world conditions.

o    Predictive Analysis: Predicts gaming or rendering performance based on benchmark scores.

o    Research: Identify the motherboard model and current BIOS version to determine if an update is necessary.

o    Download: Visit the motherboard manufacturer's website to download the latest BIOS firmware.

o    Preparation: Backup current BIOS settings and ensure uninterrupted power supply during the update.

o    Installation: Use BIOS update utility provided by the manufacturer to flash the new firmware.

o    Verification: Verify successful update and restore BIOS settings if necessary.

o    Caution: Follow manufacturer instructions carefully to avoid bricking the motherboard.

o    Reallocated Sector Count: Indicates the number of sectors moved to spare area due to media errors.

o    Spin Retry Count: Tracks attempts to spin up the drive, reflecting motor or mechanical issues.

o    Seek Error Rate: Records seek errors during drive operation, highlighting read/write head alignment issues.

o    Temperature: Monitors internal drive temperature to prevent overheating, impacting drive longevity.

o    Power-On Hours: Measures cumulative power-on time, useful for predicting end-of-life for aging drives.

o    Uncorrectable Sector Count: Flags sectors that cannot be read or corrected, signaling imminent drive failure.

B) Check RAM functionality

D) CoreTemp

B) Blow compressed air

C) RAM

B) HDD health